Sleep was kept to a minimum; work was kept at a maximum. Someone who speaks out about Slavery or wants to end it. During this period, the rise of abolitionist, or those who wanted slavery to end, occurred. Food was rationed. This essay concerns the effect of partisan journalism on the American nation during the Antebellum Period. Image A shows. U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Antebellum Slavery: Health The ante-bellum period of the old South is often considered the pinnacle of Southern aristocracy. Punishment was meted out in response to perceived disobedience or infractions, but also as a means for a master or overseer to assert dominance. “Plain Folk” supported secession to defend their families, homes, notions of liberty, and beliefs in racial hierarchies. Free blacks in the antebellum period—those years from the formation of the Union until the Civil War—were quite outspoken about the injustice of slavery. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Tags . 5. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Historyplex gives a brief timeline and summary of this important era. 5 Former president Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves of the South after the Civil War Credit: Getty - Contributor Categories . The “Plain Folk of the Old South” owned land, were subsistence farmers, and owned few or no slaves. I wouldn't really call it peculiar. Free blacks in the antebellum period—those years from the formation of the Union until the Civil War—were quite outspoken about the injustice of slavery. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Towards the end of the antebellum period, slave rebellion was increasingly on the minds of white government. Antebellum parties, then, are celebrations of the Antebellum-era south and of the Confederacy. A clear line demarcated the elite, but according to Burton, the line between poor and yeoman was less distinct. Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. Slavery was necessary for the United States’ cotton boom because productivity levels were not high enough to attract free labour. Most plantation managers kept a strict eye on profits. Most Southern states even required that slaves leave their state within 30 days of being freed. It is not possible in an essay of this size to enumerate all the possible circumstances that defined the Antebellum Period, nor did every characteristic of the period lead directly to war. Just as these forms of entertainment masked underlying problems in … The word "Antebellum" means, the period before a war. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel…, Slavery in New England (CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT), Slavery in the Border States (DE, Dist. Nonetheless up until the time of emancipation (freeing of the slaves) in 1863, about fifty thousand slaves a year ran away for varying lengths of time. People who owned smaller farms and worked alongside the slaves tended to be less brutal. The Antebellum South Thrived In Chivalry, Manners, And 1856 Words | 8 Pages. James Henry Hammond, a wealthy Southern plantation owner, described this theory to justify what he saw as the willingness of the non-whites to perform menial work: Their labor enabled the higher classes to move civilization forward. Historians often describe this as a time of "push-pull" immigration. Antebellum Period. They owned land, generally did not raise commodity crops, and owned few or no slaves. Of these, an estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now the United States. Learning Objective. The technological advances and religious and social movements of the Antebellum Period had a profound effect on the course of American history, including westward expansion to the Pacific, a population shift from farms to industrial centers, sectional divisions that ended in civil war, the abolition of slavery and the growth of feminist and temperance movements. The antebellum South is known as a racist period in American history which granted zero rights to black people and profited off their slave labor under white power. Although the aristocrats owned a majority of the wealth and land, it was their slaves who made the plantations a success. Southern slaveholders’ proslavery arguments defended the interests of the plantation owners against attempts by abolitionists, lower classes, and non-whites to institute a more equal social structure. (February 27, 2021). The Antebellum period is the period of time before the Civil War. These large plantations were the “big business” of the antebellum South. Nevertheless, the very presence of slaves throughout the American South fostered white unity despite economic disparities. This period saw the end of the Founding Fathers and their generation when questions of slavery and states rights remained unresolved in the grand experiment of the United States. 1794. "Slavery in the Antebellum South The Rise Of Slavery During The Antebellum Era. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Still most slaves placed a high value on marriage. These farmers tended to settle in backcountry, and most of them were Scotch-Irish American and English American or a mixture thereof. But separating the fragile cotton fibers from the seed—a process known as ginning—was too time consuming and costly to make a profit on the crop. This caused disputes between the abolitionist and the anti abolitionists, as the two groups both had different hopes and ideas for America. U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Their ability to express themselves, however, was determined by whether they lived in the North or the South. Historians have long debated how large this group was and how much influence its members exerted on Southern politics in the antebellum period, particularly why and to what extent these farmers were willing to support secession despite their typically not being slaveholders themselves. Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democrats preferred to refer to these farmers as “yeomen”  because the term emphasized an independent political spirit and economic self-reliance. This “mudsill theory” supposed that there must be, and has always been, a lower class for the upper classes to rest upon. Slave concentrations were highest along the Mississippi River, with slaves comprising more than 90 percent of the population in Concordia and Tensas parishes. Edited by Giles Gunn…, Life changes and transitions are normally marked by ceremonies and rituals, or rites of passage. As depleted soil lowered farm productivity in states such as Virginia and South Carolina, cotton planters moved into Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee , Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida , Missouri , Texas , and Arkansas between 1790 and 1860, bringing their slaves with them. Uncategorized. Slaves lived in tiny cabins with no doors or windows and very little furniture. According to the 1860 U.S. Census, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million. In which John Green teaches you about America's "peculiar institution," slavery. Black slaves were brought from Africa to the South during colonial periods to grow the economy during the 17th and 18th century and were subjected to white rule and terrible living conditions. Despite the ban on foreign slave trade, slavery grew. Nevertheless the southern plantation economy could prosper only because of the transfer of surplus slaves from the upper South to the plantations of the cotton-growing Deep South and Old Southwest. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, they observed it cautiously at first. While some slaves worked in urban areas as domestic servants, most labored on plantations or large farms where their owners took advantage of good quality soil and a temperate climate to mass produce cash crops such as rice, tobacco, sugar, indigo, and cotton. This chapter turns to the antebellum slavery debate and explains why strategies used by earlier antislavery Christians failed under the pressure of aggressive antebellum proslavery. Because Northern industries depended upon the crops produced in the South, it seemed to many that the nation’s prosperity was also tied to the institution. At the end of the eighteenth century the farming economy of the South was in trouble. Antebellum Period summary. Historians argue that a distinctive Southern political ideology blended localism, white supremacy, and Jeffersonian ideas of agrarian republicanism. Slaves were denied basic education, and in some cases, prohibited from convening for religious gatherings, in order to prevent potential escape or rebellion. In History. This meant that slaves received a bare minimum of the necessities of life. If you aren't aware, the word antebellum means occurring before the war, but is commonly linked to the period of history before the Civil War ... which, obviously, includes slavery. Chapter 3 contends that making a biblical case against slavery in the antebellum context forced antislavery Protestants to acknowledge that moral progress had altered the meaning of the Bible. Show More. During the Second Great Awakening (from 1800 to the 1830s), Christian morality found energetic expression in religious revivals, mass meetings where people sought salvation. Owners were often absent, and overseers were paid by how much cotton they produced, not by the condition of the slaves they supervised. The allure of profits from slavery, however, proved to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist. Slave women were at high risk for rape and sexual abuse, a practice partially rooted in the patriarchal Southern culture of the era that perceived all women, black or white, as property or chattel. Southern proslavery theorists argued that the class of landless poor was easily manipulated and thus could destabilize society as a whole. When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they banned slavery in order to avoid the slave-based plantation economy that had developed in other colonies in the American South. From early colonial days, it was practiced in Britain's … To save space and costs, slave owners often crammed as many slaves into a cabin as possible. Answer the prompts in order. Northern industrialists (and some in western Virginia) complained it was too low to encourage the growth of industry. 28. 1437 Words 6 Pages. His work ignited a long historiographical debate. The Work: Slavery became the most absolute involuntary form of human servitude. Though some fans defended Rachael and her presence at the period as her merely paying homage to the looks and styles of the period, it doesn’t erase the fact that Rachael and her fellow partygoers chose to specifically romanticize the Antebellum south. These proslavery theorists championed a class-sensitive view of American antebellum society. Published in 1994 Free blacks in the antebellum period--those years from the formation of the Union until the Civil War--were quite outspoken about the injustice of slavery. Then in 1793 inventor Eli Whitney (1765–1825) invented a cotton gin that could process fifty times the amount of cotton that a laborer could process in a day. Critics say Owsley overemphasized the size of the Southern landholding middle class and overlooked a large class of poor whites who owned neither land nor slaves. The “mudsill theory” of Henry James Hammond argued that there must be a lower class for the upper classes to rest upon. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln freed slaves in the rebellious Southern states via the Emancipation Proclamation. Life for slaves on plantations was, at best, very difficult. Slave laborers usually worked in gangs. The larger the plantation the more highly organized it was apt to be. Free blacks were considered dangerous, for they might inspire slaves to rebel. cotton gin. (The mudsill is the lowest layer that supports the foundation of a building.) By the 1850s, the South was vigorously defending slavery and its continued expansion into new U.S. territories. Key Points. slave / slāv/ • n. chiefly hist. It refers to the period in U.S. history when slavery was freely practiced as well as advocated, even by those who did not own slaves. true. The Antebellum South thrived in chivalry, manners, and proper social standing. In 1837, John C. Calhoun gave a speech in the U.S. Senate advocating the “positive good” theory of slavery, declaring that slavery was, “instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.” Theorists of “positive good” believed that slavery, with its strict and unchanging social hierarchy, made for a more stable society than that of the Northern states, where wage laborers of diverse backgrounds engaged actively in democratic politics. By December 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment took effect, permanently abolishing slavery throughout the entire United States with no compensation for the former slaves’ owners. At the end of the eighteenth century the farming economy of the South was in trouble. Slaves resisted via rebellions, noncompliance, and flight. This chapter turns to the antebellum slavery debate and explains why strategies used by earlier antislavery Christians failed under the pressure of aggressive antebellum proslavery. U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. This was the case during the Antebellum era, in which the nation was exsanguinated by the wounds of division as the Northern and Southern states had a tense interaction. Slaveholders and those with vested interests in the plantation economy had a strong influence on national politics, forcing compromises over the preservation and extension of slavery from the time of the drafting of the Constitution through the 1850s. The spirit of reform also motivated organizations working toward social change. Plain Folk argued that yeoman farmers played a significant role in Southern society during this era rather than being sidelined by a dominant aristocratic planter class. Eli Whitney- the cotton gin The cotton gin was made in 1774 and patented in 1794. Cotton and Slavery in Antebellum America. Describe how slavery became the foundational economic institution in the antebellum South. The word "Antebellum" means, the period before a war. Some slaves poisoned slaveholders, burned storehouses, escaped, and staged violent revolts. The Antebellum Period was a time of tremendous economic growth in America thanks to the agricultural dominance in the South and the textile booms in the North. Tags . Twentieth-century romantic portrayals of the antebellum South, such as Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the Wind (1937) and the 1939 film adaptation, mostly ignored the role of yeomen. a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them. Many wished to convert their farms to grow cotton because England, having recently developed new machines to process cotton into cloth, would buy as much cotton as southerners could grow. Chapter 3 contends that making a biblical case against slavery in the antebellum context forced antislavery Protestants to acknowledge that moral progress had altered the meaning of the Bible. The rise in need for slaves came exactly at the time that Congress banned the Atlantic slave trade , which forbade the importation of slaves from foreign lands. I wouldn't really call it peculiar. Compromises were attempted and failed, and in 1861, 11 slave states broke away to form the Confederate States of America, leading to the American Civil War. For southerners, slavery was critical to their way of life; therefore, they did everything they could to fight for the acceptance-… This period in the South's history was marked by the economic growth of the region, largely due to its heavy reliance on slavery, and of its political influence on the U.S. federal government. Identify the key tenets of the proslavery argument. Had it only been about wearing period-era clothes and having fun with the more innocent aspects of the past, the focus would have … He argued that slavery was not in fact a necessary evil but rather a positive social good. Thus, the greatest threat to democracy was seen as coming from class warfare that destabilized a nation’s economy, society, and government, and threatened the peaceful and harmonious implementation of laws. Then in 1793 inventor Eli Whitney (1765–18… Slavery Argument During the Antebellum period, with the emergence of the Second Great Awakening provoked lots of political and social reforms such as abolitionism and changes within the religion of Christianity. In 1862, the federal government made abolition of slavery a war goal. In fact the vast majority of southerners at the time were struggling farmers who did not own any slaves. They saw the abolition of slavery as a threat to their new, powerful Southern market, a market that revolved almost entirely around the plantation system and was supported by the use of black slavery. Although the aristocrats owned a majority of the wealth and land, it was their slaves who made the plantations a success. The strict slave codes and slave patrols made it difficult to escape, and the lack of mountains and forests made it difficult to hide. Much of antebellum culture can be understood as a response to the dynamic and rapidly changing social, political, and economic context of the nineteenth century. Temperance organizations hoped to eliminate social ills caused by alcohol consumption. Wikipedia. “Positive good” theorists, such as John C. Calhoun, believed that slavery, with its strict and unchanging social hierarchy, made for a more stable society than that of the Northern states where wage laborers of diverse backgrounds engaged actively in democratic politics. The only state with a law limiting the slave workday was. The nostalgic view of the South emphasized the elite planter class of wealth and refinement who controlled large plantations and numerous slaves. ." “Slaves for Sale: A Scene in New Orleans”: This image depicts slaves for sale. That is, those who would most threaten the democratic society’s economic stability and political harmony were not allowed to undermine it because they were not allowed to participate in it. For southern slaves Whitney's invention was a disaster. The new cotton economy of the South depended on a huge slave labor force. A period of relative free trade followed 1846's Walker Tariff, which had been largely written by Southerners. ∎ a person who…, Jews engaged in the slave trade – although they never played a prominent role in it – from the early Middle Ages to the early modern period. With the invention of the gin, cotton suddenly became a highly profitable cash crop and there was a tremendous increase in cotton cultivation in the Deep South (the southeastern region of the United States comprised of South Carolina , Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana ). Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Other statutes made the circulation of abolitionist material a capital offense and outlawed literacy and unsupervised assembly among enslaved people. During the war approximately five hundred thousand slaves escaped or found haven within the Union lines. American slavery in the antebellum period was characterized by a massive wave of forced migration as millions of slaves were moved across state lines to the expanding southwest, scattered locally, and sold or hired out in towns and cities across the South. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. slavery in the antebellum period The “Peculiar Institution” – this is what white southerners often called slavery because they felt it was distinctive and special; the South was the only place in the Western world (except Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico) where slavery still existed; slavery “isolated” the South from the rest of American society. Family and community ties were very strong under the extraordinary circumstances. Shoes were only provided for winter months. Published by Student Homework Help on February 2, 2021. These moves uprooted roughly six hundred thousand slaves. Image A and B both represent two periods of slavery during the antebellum South Carolina. Historians have long debated the social, economic, and political roles of Southern classes. In most southern states, whites outnumbered slaves. And yet it was just about to undergo a profound change that would make it the leading factor of the economy of the antebellum (“before the war”) South, the period falling roughly between 1810 and the American Civil War (1861–65). CC licensed content, Specific attribution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States%231790_to_1850, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_united_states, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason-Dixon%20line, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred%20Scott, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manumission, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SlavesForSaleNewOrleans1861.jpeg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harper_(South_Carolina), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proslavery%23Political_proslavery, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudsill%20theory, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Folk_of_the_Old_South, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yeoman%20farmer, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind. To enforce the slave codes authorities established “slave patrols.” These were usually locally organized bands of young white men who rode about at night checking that slaves were securely in their quarters. Identify the “Plain Folk of the Old South”. Civil War, the Antebellum Era was a complicated time period in American history largely defined by brutal slavery in the South. Hypothetical complex coordinated terrorist attack plan February 2, 2021. During this period, federal and state governments grappled with the contradiction of U.S. slavery. of Columbia, KY, MD, MO), Slavery in the Far West (CA, CO, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA), Slavery in the Lower South (AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, SC, TX), Slavery in the Middle States (NJ, NY, PA), Slavery in the Middle West (ND, SD, IL, IA, KS, MI, MN, NE, OH, WI), Slavery in the Upper South (AR, NC, TN, VA), Slavery's End Brings Both Joy and Confusion, Slavery, Free Blacks, and Native Americans, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/slavery-antebellum-south. Southern proslavery theorists asserted that slavery prevented any such attempted movement toward equality by elevating all free people to the status of “citizen” and removing the landless poor (the “mudsill”) from the political process entirely. Many slaves fought back and some died resisting this sort of treatment, though some managed to escape to non- slave states and Canada, aided by the Underground Railroad. Slavery The cotton gin was invented during the antebellum period. Freedom was only possible via granting of manumission by a slave’s owner, a practice that was frequently regulated and sometimes prohibited by law, or by the slave running away, which was both dangerous and illegal. Do not label your response a, b, and c. William Joseph Harper was a leading proponent of the notion that slavery was not merely a necessary evil, but a positive social good, and his “Memoir on Slavery” reinforced this idea. . 1700’s; 1800-1829; 1830-1839; 1840-1849; 1850-1859; 1860-1865; 1866-2008; About; Religious Defenses of Slavery. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. The famous “Mudsill Speech” (1858) of James Henry Hammond articulated the proslavery political argument when the ideology was at its most mature. The Antebellum period in America took place in the 19th century and ended with the beginning of the Civil War. Historians argue that a distinctive Southern political ideology blended localism, white supremacy, and Jeffersonian ideas of agrarian republicanism. Slavery was a form of forced labor existing as a legal institution from the colonial period until the mid-nineteenth century. Two million slaves were transferred from one region to the other between 1790 and 1860. Though Southern society was dominated by a planter elite, “Plain Folk” supported secession to defend their families, homes, notions of liberty, and beliefs in racial hierarchies.
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